• • • • • • Critical Perspective of the Construct of Intelligence - Syllabus and Study Material Intelligence Woodworth – “Intelligence is the capacity to acquire capacity.” Terman – Intelligence is the ability to abstract thinking” Spearman – “Intelligence is rational thinking.” Binet – “Intelligence is a capacity to think well, to judge well and to be self-critical.” Educational Dictionary – “Intelligence indicates the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge.” Characteristics of Intelligence The various characteristics of intelligence are as under: • Intelligence is inborn. It cannot be acquired. • Intelligence of every person is different. • Intelligence does not differ due to sex differences.

• Environment training and education also affect it. • Heredity affects intelligence. • Intelligence and knowledge are closely related. • It helps in learning and in adjustment. • Environment also affect it. • It helps in solving complex problems. • It is an ability to gather experience.

• Is an ability to do intellectual works. • It is an ability to face social situations, • It is a group of abilities. • It is not knowledge but is related to knowledge.I • t is not talent. It is basic ability and practiced skill.

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• It is not memory. • It is not a skill. Skill can be learnt but not intelligence.

Multi- Dimensional Intelligence Theories of Intelligence: To understand the nature and form of intelligence, different theories are as under: • Unitary Theory or Monarchic Theory • Group Factor Theory or Oligarchic Theory • Multiple Factor Theory or Anarchic Theory • Two Factor Theory or Eclectic Theory • Theory of Primary Mental Ability • Kelley’s Theory of Intelligence Measurement of Intelligence We are only familiar with that intelligence of an individual which is manifested by him on an intelligence test or tests. Psychologists have devised so many such tests for the measurement of intelligence. Classification of Intelligence Tests 1. As far-as the administrative point of view is concerned the intelligence tests can be classified into two broad categories namely – • Individual Test: In which only one individual in tested at a time. • Group Test: In which a group of individual is tested at a time. Another way of classifying the intelligence tests is based on the form of the test. According there are two types of tests.

• Verbal tests or Language Tests: These tests make use of language. Operating System Concepts 9th Edition Instructor Manual For Cpr. Download Cd Driver Printer Canon Pixma Mp237 Free there. Here the instructions are given in words (either in written or oral form or both). Individuals are required to use languages as well as paper and pencil for giving the reponses. The test content is loaded with verbal material. • Non-verbal Tests or Non-Language Tests: These tests involve such activities in which the use of language is not necessary. The use of language is eliminated from test content and response except in giving directions. The typical examples of such non-verbal tests are Performance Tests.

The principal characteristics of these tests are given below: • Test contents of these are in the form of material objects. • What an’ Individuals has to do is indicated by the tester either through oral instructions or by pantomime or sings. • Individual’s responses depends upon what he does or performs rather than by anything he says or writes. • Generally these tests are individual tests. Pillai observes, “These cannot be used as group tests, chiefly because it is necessary to supervise the individual testee at work and give him necessary direction.” Intelligence Tests It we try to have a final picture of all types of tests in intelligence we will have to keep in view both the ways of classifying them as mentioned above. All these types of intelligence tests can be represented Diagrammatically as follows: Difference Between Individual Tests and Group Tests Individual Tests Group Tests These test can be used both on child and adult These tests can be used on a definite age group They used on groups. They cannot be used on individuals It needs trained and experienced psychologists.

Its does not need so It takes less time It is time consuming They are not very specific They are specific Their reliability cannont be extended. It can be extended They provide extra information. They do not They are expensive They are cheap Child feel nervous Children are relaxed There is a close contact between examiner and student There is no contact between two Child do not free free. Children are totally free There are many problem in the process of building the process Not the care Thete are less questions. There are manny questions Teacher can study the good and bad points of the stuidents It is not possible There is no time limit. Time is definite Difference Between Verbal Tests and Non-Verbal Tests Verbal Tests Non-Verbal Tests Language or words are used. Pictures, abstract objects etc.